Critical Examination of the Risk Management in an Organisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2213 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Task You are asked to research, critically examine and discuss the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"risk managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ process within an organisation. Examine and discuss each step below which forms part of the risk management process followed within an enterprise. Explain the reasons behind each step, what each step achieves for the enterprise and give examples. Risk Management process is a five step process first is by establishing or clearly understanding the risk in which the situation exist by considering the strategic context or the environment within the organization operates, the organizational context or the objectives, core activities and operations of the enterprise. Identify the risks or to recognize what could be wrong and what the consequence of it occurring. Risk can be physical relating individual injuries, ecological and weather conditions and the physical assets of the organisation such as property, equipment, buildings, vehicles, stock and grounds Financial risks are those that involve the resources of the organisation and include theft, attendances, loans, fraud, license fees, membership fees, insurance costs, and lease payments, pay-out of damages claims or penalties and fines by the government. Ethical risks that involve potential or actual harm to the reputation or beliefs of your club, while legal risks cons ist of responsibilities imposed on providers, participants and consumers arising from laws made by federal, state and local government authorities Analysing the likelihood and consequences of each known risk and deciding which risk factors will potentially have the most effect and should, therefore obtain priority with regard to how they will be managed it also involves comparing the level of risk found during the investigation process with earlier established risk criteria, and deciding whether risks can be established Risk management involves identifying the range of options for treating the risk, evaluating those options, preparing the risk treatment strategy and implementing those strategies it is about considering the options for treatment and choosing the most suitable method to achieve the required outcome. Options for treatment need to be balanced to the significance of the risk, and the cost of treatment matching with the potential benefits of treatment this includes: Accepting the risk for instance most individuals would consider minimal injuries in participating in the sporting activity as being an inherent risk. Avoiding the risk is about your organization deciding either not to continue with an activity, or choosing an alternate activity with tolerable risk which meets the objectives of your club. For example, a club wanting to raise funds may decide that a competition without a properly trained and accredited instructor, equipment etc. may decide a safer way of raising funds. Reducing the risk likelihood or consequences or both is usually practiced treatment of a risk within sport, for example use of mouth guards for players in some sports i.e. contact sports. Transferring the risk in full or in part, will usually occur through contracts or notices for example your insurance contract is perhaps the most frequently used risk transfer form used. Other examples consist of waivers, lease agreements, warning signs, disclaimers and ti ckets Retaining the risk is knowing that the risk treatment is not about risk removal, rather it is about acknowledging the risk is an vital part of the sport activity and some must be retained because of the inherent nature of the sport activity. It is important to consider the intensity of risk which is inherent and tolerable. Financing the risk means the organization funding the consequences of risk i.e. providing finances to cover the costs of implementing the risk treatment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical Examination of the Risk Management in an Organisation" essay for you Create order Determine the objectives of the organisation Risk management is designed to provide the general methodology and approach to conducting a risk assessment. This includes the preparation work, risk workshop and reporting requirements. The purpose of the risk assessment is to identify the potential risks and opportunities and then rank them according to priorities and to Identify existing and potential control measure or risk mitigations to eliminate or minimise the risk in an organization identify exposures to loss Risk management begins with the identification process. It is important to keep in mind that risk are not static but are subjected to change in many ways, examples of how it can change is introduction of new products and services, new laws and regulations and new employees and customers. The element of change requires that identification process be ongoing, prior to the development of risk management as a recognized method for dealing with the risk of loss. Risk of loss can be categorized under three general categories property loss, liability and personnel loss Measure those same exposures Liability Loss Motor vehicle liability to the extent that operations of a automobile results in injury to others. In addition exposure represented by owned vehicles can incur liability from the operation of non-owned automobiles such as leased, rental or personal automobiles of employees used in business. Product liability or anyone who makes, sells or distributes products to be used by others is susceptible to liability if the product is defective or not fit for its intended use. Contractual liability is the risk of loss arising out of a particular undertaking that can be transferred from one party to another by the use of contracts. Pollution liability can be gradual occurrence over a period of time such as leakage form tanks or sudden or accidental such as fire, explosion or tank collapse. Professional liability is a growing area of liability exposure that is relating to the errors or omissions of employees acting in a professional capacity Damage to owned or l eased property has the loss potential associated with damage to or destruction of owned or leased property. The exposures are those related to buildings and their contents. Examples are electronic data equipment, media, machinery and equipment breakdown. Loss of use of property can result in both direct and indirect losses. A direct loss includes the loss of revenues and indirect loss include such as employee overtime, air freight, rental expenses for temporary equipment Select alternatives The economic models are formulated to provide the analyst with a quantitative base for studying the operations under his control. The method consists of four steps: Define the problem Formulate the model Run the model Make the decision Implement a solution Managing the risk associated with the hazards presents a number of unique challenges if properly managed, loss exposures can be significantly minimized. A key element in such plans is clear instructions concerning notification of appropriate agencies. It is important to have basic understanding of some of the laws that affect the management of the hazards and knowing agencies involved and the resources available that can reduce critically important response time. Monitor and review the outcomes. Monitoring and review is an ongoing part of risk management that is integral to every step of the process. It is also the part of risk management that is most often given inadequate focus, and as a result the risk management programs of many organisations become irrelevant and ineffective over time. Monitoring and review ensure that the important information generated by the risk management process is captured, used and maintained. Few risks remain static. Factors that may affect the likelihood and consequences of an outcome may change, as may the factors that affect the suitability or cost of the various treatment options. Review is an integral part of the risk management treatment plan. Examine and discuss a risk management frameworks standards model. Discuss the principles behind the model, the drivers and components involved in the process. Risk Management Frameworks A risk management framework is a description of an organizational specific set of functional activities and associated definitions that define the risk management system in an organization and the relationship to the risk management organizational system. A risk management framework defines the processes and the order and timing of processes that will be used to manage risks. Operations to reduce risk which includes the ongoing programs and activities performed by an organization to reduce risks to an acceptable and cost-effective level. These activities might include standard setting, performance audits, training and other risk management options Decision-making or corporate management where long term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  decisions are made and responsibility for decisions at the other two levels lies. Activities at this level might include consultation with stakeholders, monitoring operations to reduce risk and priority-sett ing among risk issues Risk assessment and treatment options where risk assessment is carried out and risk treatment options are identified. This high level framework provides a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“benchmark frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for evaluation of other risk management frameworks. Elements of risk management frameworks as well as categories of risk criteria and basic capacities required by an organization for effective risk management.The design of a framework depends on the nature of risks it must manage, legal and regulatory considerations, available resources, and the relative value of risk assessment, operations to modify risks, risk communications, monitoring and review. The risk management framework closely follows the typical management decision-making structure of: 1.Identify and assess the situation 2.Consider treatment (decision) options 3.Decide 4. Implement management control 5. Monitor decision Examine and discuss each step below which forms part of the risk assessment process followed within an enterprise. Explain the reasons behind each step, what each step achieves for the enterprise and give examples Identification of relevant business objectives Historically, businesses have viewed risk as a necessary evil that should be minimized or mitigated whenever possible. Increased regulatory requirements have forced businesses to expend signify cant resources to address risk, and shareholders in turn have begun to scrutinize whether businesses had the right controls in place. Risk assessment provides a mechanism for identifying which risks represent opportunities and which represent potential pitfalls. A good assessment is anchored in the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s defined risk appetite and tolerance, and provides a basis for determining risk responses. A robust risk assessment process, applied consistently throughout the organization, empowers management to better identify, evaluate, and exploit the right risks for their business, all while maintaining the appropriate controls to ensure effective and efficient operations and regulatory compliance Identifying events that could affect the achievement of objectives. Determining risk tolerance. Risk tolerance is so vital to any risk management program, that you cannot include a risk management process without evidently understanding the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk tolerance. Risk tolerance is the equilibrium between risk-adverse or accepting very little risk and risk-seeking or accepting high levels of risk Setting risk tolerance is very significant, since an enterprise will make key decisions based on what has been determined to be acceptable risk. There are regularly used key risk indicators, but understanding how those metrics influence risk tolerance is a not easy and demanding task. Risk tolerance is also a persistently moving goal. Assessing the inherent likelihood and impact of risks. When assessing likelihood of occurrence of a risk, participants tend to over-evaluate risks which occurred recently or at all. If there is a reference point, people charged with evaluating will often attribute a higher likelihood to these recent events, even if the probability of occurrence has in effect been reduced by the (over)reaction to the event. If we cannot imagine a risk occurring, we cannot assess the potential impact of it and we tend to underestimate its impact. On the contrary, the more informed we are, and the more concrete a risk is formulated, the better we are at assessing its impact. Evaluating the portfolio of risks and determining risk responses. A portfolio selector for selecting an investment portfolio from a library of assets based on investment risk and risk-adjusted return is provided. The selector chooses a tentative portfolio from the library and determines a risk-adjusted return for the portfolio. The risk-adjusted return is computed by subtracting the average of multiple segment shortfalls from the average of multiple segment performances, over the same segments, based on analysis of market value data for the assets in the portfolio and for a baseline asset. The asset selection and computation is repeated until the risk-adjusted return of the portfolio satisfies criteria derived from preference data specific to an investor. A data storage medium encoded with instructions for performing the method is also provided Assessing residual likelihood and impact of risks. Residual Risk Impact is multiplied by likelihood to produce an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Inherent Risk Scoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. For each risk, the controls in place will then be identified and assessed and the risk score generally reduced to arrive at the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Residual Risk Scoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The control should either reduce the likelihood that a risk will occur, or the impact of that risk if it were to occur. Residual risk is what is left after considering controls. If you rate risks on both Inherent and Residual Risk then you can show the change from Inherent to Residual which indicates the organizations dependence on the effectiveness of the control. If a critical risk is largely mitigated due to the presumed operation of a control or set of controls then it would be very useful for Internal Audit to validate that those controls are working as assumed. References: https://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7400/7421/ch4.pdf https://www.irr-neram.ca/pdf_files/basicF rameworkMar2003.pdf https://www.pwc.com/en_us/us/issues/enterprise-risk-management/assets/risk_assessment_guide.pdf https://www.google.co.nz/?gfe_rd=crei=ALNNU-vcJcGN8QfSi4G4Bg#q=risk+tolerance+management https://www.google.com/patents/US5784696

Commentary on On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once...

POEM : On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again O golden-tongued Romance with serene lute! Fair plumed Syren! Queen of far away! Leave melodizing on this wintry day, Shut up thine olden pages, and be mute: Adieu! for once again the fierce dispute, Betwixt damnation and impassiond clay Must I burn through; once more humbly assay The bitter-sweet of this Shakespearian fruit. Chief Poet! and ye clouds of Albion, Begetters of our deep eternal theme, When through the old oak forest I am gone, Let me not wander in a barren dream, But when I am consumed in the fire, Give me new Phoenix wings to fly at my desire. COMMENTARY : The poem under study was written in 1818 after the completion of John Keatss 4,000-line poem†¦show more content†¦This indicates that the poet is willing to wander from the sweet thoughts these readings generate, the Golden-tongued Romance being a synecdote for chivalric romances in general. Moreover, the personification process is extended on line 4 since Golden-tongued Romance is addressed as though it was endowed with life and speech. Indeed, thine (...) Pages are the books. Moreover, the siren is used as a metonymy for the narrative insofar as the poet combines the two on line 4, the predicates Shut up and be mute referring to the nymph. Finally, the adjective olden alludes to this literatures ancient existence. In short, this first quatrain deals with the poets liking for medieval romances insisting on their enchanting power. Nevertheless, the latter wishes to dismiss them from his mind. And prosopopeia is aimed at showing that he is deeply affected by his rereading of King Lear. The second stanza is going to contrast images of beauty with what Shakespeares tragedy displays. Next, the second quatrain begins with the poet bidding farewell to pleasant meditations. But, we should first and foremost put this sonnet back in its context. We can easily presume that it is autobiographic, thus that Keats reveals us his own worries. In 1818, he is aware that he has short time left to live due to the fatal illness

Sense and Sensibility

Sense and Sensibility- Movie review Essay Ang Lee, who directed, and Emma Thompson, who adapted the screenplay, have done an excellent job of bringing Jane Austens Victorian novel, Sense and Sensibility, to the movie screen. The movies collection of actors are a joy to watch as they bring out the emotions of an otherwise polite and reserved era in time. The production work is top notch with bright, cascading photography that sets a romantic I wish I was there setting. The purpose of the Sense and Sensibility is to bring out the romance in all of us and show us that Austens philosophy of love exists today as much as it did two centuries ago. Sense and Sensibility could rightly be classified as a love story, but that would just scratch the surface of what this movie has to offer. It is also a period piece, giving us a chance to visit English society in the nineteenth century. Director Ang Lee brought us to this historic time with beautifully constructed sets and sites that drop us right into the country cottage of our heroines. This natural scenery, with its wide sweeping camerawork warps us back to a time without the loud annoyances of TV and machinery. By this example Lee sets the stage for the story to begin.. If there is one thing that keeps this movie constantly going is the work of the superb actors. The talent of the actors suited the roles they played, and their mastering of the characters bring personality and feeling to the screen. The story of the movie bases around two of these such characters who happen to be undergoing the same feelings of love but in strikingly different ways. Kate Winslet plays the wild, f atally romantic Marianne who cannot control her feelings. Opposite her is the experienced Emma Thompson who plays the reserved, intelligent Eleanor who is far more sensitive than she ever lets on. These two sisters embark on a romantic adventure that finds them searching for the right man. The two actors compliment each other with their opposite nature which balances the story perfectly. Yet, as wonderful as these two characters are, Alan Rickmans Brandon is the core of Sense and Sensibility. His performance is eloquent and beautifully controlled but you can tell the torment he fights inside. His voice may be confident and steady, but his eyes alert you to his true emotions. Brandons heartache touches you at the core but this heartache makes him more regal because of his perseverance. Hugh Grant compliments this array of actors by giving the film some classical slapstick comedy. He fits perfectly against the reserved Emma Thompson who will occasionally bring out that wide smile after one of Grants humorous anecdotes. Grant brings just enough charisma to his character of Edward to bring a little excitement to the movie. Although the film did not need use the blockbuster special effects of more recent movies, they satisfy the needs of the movie and there are no errors to distract the moviegoer. By doing this Ang Lee forced the watcher to envelop themselves into the emotions of the actors and not glitzy special effects. The story sweeps you away, and the added quality production work was just bonus to an already outstanding film. All the pieces of the film all seemed to fit in place and this is thanks to the work of the director. Ang Lee made sure that everything was perfect, from the historic costumes to the accents of the actors. This is also a compliment to Emma Thompson who had the trouble of constructing a screenplay that would honor the book, but would also move at a fast enough pace to entertain the reader. .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 , .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .postImageUrl , .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 , .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:hover , .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:visited , .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:active { border:0!important; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:active , .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515 .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f2ace0ae67e41fc5869361b62b20515:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: College - Staying True to My Roots EssaySense and Sensibility shows us exactly what a movie should be. The movies witty romanticism helps illustrate the Victorian era whose love is not so different from our own. This success is due to the actors who brought the story to a personal level. Without them we would not have felt the emotions of the characters, which made us long to love as they did. Category: Music and Movies

review sheet Essay Example

review sheet Essay University of Houston Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture ARCH 2350 AND 6340 SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY I Cultures of the World from Prehistory through 1750 Fall, 2013: Lectures on Mondays and Wednesdays, Seminar/Discussion (lab) sections on Thursdays or Fridays Instructor: Nora Laos Office Hours: By appointment, Room College of Architecture Teaching Assistants: Brandon Berry Tiger Lyon Andrew OToole This course is an investigation of the various eastern and western architectural traditions from prehistoric origins, through Egypt, India, China and Japan to ancient Greece and Rome, concluding with the significant monuments of Islamic and Christian cultures, and the Renaissance and Baroque periods. We will primarily examine the architectural character of individual buildings with an effort to place them in their cultural and urban contexts, but we will also analyze general urban planning principles of different civilizations as well as specific architectural and sculptural details. Architecture is a multi-faceted art and a science, and thus we will endeavor to study the aesthetic quality of buildings, their functional objectives as well as their tructural systems, materials and methods of construction. Moreover, since architecture reflects the society and civilization within which it was produced, we must always consider the cultural and intellectual context and chronological time frame of a monument, in order to fully appreciate its significance in the history of the building tradition. Course Objectives and Expected Learning Outcomes: ?To understand how and why history is relevant to the architect. What can it teach done so, and to assess how this brings meaning to architectural production. ?To understand the relationship between form and function and between form and eaning. ?To understand how the psychology of space is addressed: why we are moved by certain spaces, volumes or forms, but not by others. ?To learn how to analyze architecture and how to critically write about the subject. RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS: Ching, Francis D. K. , M. J. Jarzombek and V. Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, 2nd ed. , New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Moffett, Marian, Michael Fazio and Law rence Wodehouse, Buildings Across Time, an Introduction to World Architecture, London: Laurence King Publishing, 2004. Trachtenberg, Marvin and Isabelle Hyman, Architecture from Prehistory to Postmodernism: The We will write a custom essay sample on review sheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on review sheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on review sheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Western Tradition, 2nd ed. , New York and Englewood Cliffs, 2002. Ingersoll, Richard and Spiro Kostof, World Architecture: A Cross-cultural History, New York and Oxford, 2012. Nuttgens, Patrick, The Story of Architecture, 2nd ed. , London: Phaidon Press, 1997. Sutton, Ian, Western Architecture: From Ancient Greece to the Present, London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. Relevant readings from these texts are indicated in the detailed course syllabus. A glossary of architectural terminology is available at the end of Ingersolls book (pp. 957-964, Chings book (pp. 799-807), Moffetts book (pp. 68-571), and Trachtenbergs book (pp. 83-589). Bibliographies are organized chronologically at the end of Ching (pp. 809-818), Moffett (pp. 572-575), Trachtenberg (pp. 591-601), and at the end of each section of Ingersolls book. EXAMS: There will be three hour-exams on the following dates: First Hour-Exam: Monday, September 30, 10:00 am Second Hour-Exam: Monday, November 4, 10:00 am Third Hour-Exam: Monday , December 16, 1 1 am ASSIGNMENTS: discussion sections: October 24/25 November 21/22 These writing assignments will be linked to specific assigned readings and are intended to address reading comprehension skills. The readings will be available at east one week in advance and you will be required, in your discussion section, to respond to specific questions about the content and the authors arguments. Your responses will be written during your discussion section in blank Blue Books; all responses must be handed in at the end of the class. IMAGES: Powerpoint images shown in lectures will be accessible on Blackboard Learn, organized by lecture. Each student registered for the course will also be registered on Blackboard Learn. GRADING for students enrolled ARCH 2350: First Hour-Exam Second Hour-Exam Third Hour-Exam Writing Assignments x 2 @ 15% each Attendance, professionalism and class participation in discussion sections GRADING for students enrolled ARCH 6340: First Hour Exam Second Hour Exam Third Hour Exam Essays x 2 @ 15% each Short paper (1000 words), topic, due date tba GENERAL INFORMATION Prerequisite for students enrolled in ARCH 2350: English 1304, 1310 or its equivalent, completed or being taken concurrently. The content of the discussion sections (labs) will include discussion and clarification of the weekly lectures, specifically with the intent of understanding how architectural history can be relevant to the present, especially to contemporary rchitectural design. Attendance will be taken at each session and students are expected to participate in discussions. In order to perform well in this course, you must regularly attend both the lectures and the discussion sections. The material covered on the hour exams derives directly Make-up exams and make-up essays will be given only with a legitimate doctors note, police report or court order. There will be no make-up for the third hour exam. Plagiarism, defined as the appropriation or imitation of the language, ideas, or thoughts of another author, and representation of them as ones original work, will NOT be tolerated. Penalties may include a failing grade in the course, suspension, or expulsion from the university. The last day to drop the course with a grade of MT is Friday, November 1, 5:00pm. The university will NOT allow any withdrawals after this date. The University of Houston System complies with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, pertaining to the provision of reasonable academic adjustments/auxiliary aids for students with a disability. In accordance with Section 504 and ADA guidelines, each University within the System trives to provide reasonable academic adjustments/auxiliary aids to students who request and require them. If you believe that you have a disability requiring an academic adjustments/auxiliary aid, please contact the student disability services center at 713-743-5400. Schedule of Lectures Monday, August 26 Introduction and overview of the course Wednesday, August 28 Prehistoric Architecture-Late New Stone Age Monday, September 2 NO CLASS: Labor Day Holiday Wednesday, September 4 Egypt: Old and New Kingdoms Monday, September 9 Pre-Columbian Meso-America Wednesday, September 1 1 Buddhist and Hindu Sanctuaries in India and Cambodia Monday, September 16 Architecture and Culture of China Wednesday, September 18Architecture and Culture of Japan Monday, September 23 Greece: Site Planning: the Acropolis and the Agora Wednesday, September 25Greece: the Architecture of Temples Monday, September 30 First Hour-Exam Wednesday, October 2 Introduction The Roman Civic Presence l: Forum, Basilica Monday, October 7 The Roman Civic Presence II: Market, Theater and Amphitheater Wednesday, October 9 The Roman Civic Presence Ill: Gate, Arch, Aqueduct Monday, October 14 The Roman Religious Presence: Temple and Tomb Wednesday, October 16The Roman Residence: Villa and House Monday, October 21 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Wednesday, October 23 Architecture of the Islamic World: the Mosque Monday, October 28 Romanesque Architecture: Pilgrimage Churches and Cistercian Monasteries Monday, November 4 Second Hour-Exam Wednesday, November 6 Introduction to the Renaissance The Work of Brunelleschi Monday, November 1 1 The Work of Alberti and Bramante Wednesday, November 13 The Work of Michelangelo and Palladio Monday, November 18 Renaissance France: the Architecture of the Chateau Wednesday, November 20 Baroque Italy: the work of Bernini and Borromini Monday, November 25 Baroque nd Rococo in Austria and Germany Wednesday, November 27 NO CLASS: Thanksgiving Holiday Monday, December 2 France in the 17th Century 16th and 17th-Century Landscape Design Wednesday, December 4 England in the 17th Century Monday, December 16 Third Hour-Exam 11:00 am ARCH 2350/6340 Prehistoric Architecture Late New Stone Age (Neolithic) 3000-1000 BCE Suggested Reading: I ngersoll, pp. 23-32; Trachtenberg, pp. 57-61; Nuttgens, pp. 10-15; Ching, pp. 23-24, 47-51; Moffett, pp. 9-14. France, Carnac (in the region of Brittany) and England, Avebury, menhirs (megaliths literally, large stones] or monolithic upright stone markers), dolmens (two menhirs supporting a horizontal block, usually used for marking tombs (substructure of a barrow), post and lintel structural system), ca. 2000-1500 BCE. England, Stonehenge (near Salisbury), composed stone group based on a circular plan (henge monument), ca. 2750-1500 BCE, post and lintel structural system, mortise and tenon Joints; optical refinements: tapered pillars, inclining lintels. France, Gordes (in the region of Provence), The Bories, reconstructed prehistoric village; domestic architecture built up with relatively thin stone slabs, use of orbeling technique, ca. 2000 BCE. trilith [literally three stones] entry portals, (combination of corbeled construction with post and lintel construction). University of Houston Egypt: Old and New Kingdoms Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 48-60, 86-97; Trachtenberg, pp. 62-71; Nuttgens, pp. 28-41; Ching, pp. 39-45, 64-73; Moffett, pp. 23-37. Important Historical Information: ca. 3200-2160 BCE Old Kingdom ca. 1570-1100 BCE New Kingdom Old Kingdom Saqqara, Mortuary Complex of King Zoser, ca. 2650 BCE mastaba (bench in Arabic; bench-like quadrangular form); architect Imhotep. Giza, complex of Great pyramids, 2580-2500 BCE Cheops (Khufu), Chepren (Khafa) and Mycerinus (Menkure) Predetermined architectural procession: river, Valley Temple, causeway, Mortuary Temple, tomb. New Kingdom Deir el Bahari, Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, ca. 1500 BCE architect: Senmut; dedicated to the sun god Amon-Ra; Proto Doric colonnades. Pre-Columbian Meso-America Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 83-190, 251-263; Nuttgens, Ch. 6; Ching, pp. 225-27, 432-34; Moffett, pp. 283-293. City of Teotihuacan, 150-650 CE, (when it was burned), located in the Valley of Mexico, ca 40 miles northeast of Mexico City: Pyramid of the Moon?talud/tablero profile; pen plaza in front of Pyramid of the Moon; Pyramid of the Sun; Citadel with Temple of the Feathe red Serpent; open compound: probably marketplace and administrative center; Street of the Dead. City of Chichen Itza, (Yucatan Peninsula), ca. 750-1200 CE: open plaza cont. pyramid, known as Castillo, Temple of Warriors to east, surrounded by rows of columns that create second open plaza, ritual Ball Court opposite, to west. Very north end of site occupied by sink well (place of sacrifice); city extends also toward south, w/ palaces and other temples (Red House) a round astronomical observatory (Caracol or snail). Buddhist and Hindu Sanctuaries in India and Cambodia suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 141-147, 216-225, 265-279; Ching, pp. 30-31, 176-81, 214-15, 235-37, 244-45, 281, 594-95, 318-20; Moffett, pp. 67-85. Mohenjo-Daro (city in Indus Valley), today in Pakistan, ca 2500 BCE Buddhist sanctuanes (Buddha [565-480 BCE]) Sanchi, Great Stupa, 1st. century CE stupa relic mound with four gates (torana) Ajanta, Chaitya Hall, 250 CE chaitya = assembly hall or cave shrine, rock-cut sanctuaries Mahabalipuram, (Mamallapuram), Shore Temples, ca 700 CE two shrines dedicated to Shiva, one to Vishnu vimana = terraced tower above each shrine Madurai, Great Temple (Sri Meenakshi Temple), 1623 CE gopuram = terraced tower above a threshold (over a portal) Hindu Sanctuaries in Cambodia Angkor Wat, temple of the capital, 1 112-52 CE Architecture and Culture of China Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 175-182, 240-250, 424-436; Nuttgens, ch. 5; Ching, pp. 185, 286, 298-99; Moffett, pp. 86-99. Great Wall(s), first begun 221-206 BCE; maintained and upgraded primarily during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). Guangdong (modern city with older districts); precedents: clay models buried in tombs, primarily from Han Dynasty burials (1st-2nd cents. CE); vernacular example: Hakka Housing. Chinese beam frame construction: Shanxi Province, Foguang Temple, 857 CE: wood frame construction, bracket clusters (tou-kung), concave roof profile. Various garden pavilions. beneficial, and the actions of man are in harmony with the social, cultural and political situations, then the feng Shui is auspicious. Three religious philosophies: Buddhism [imported from India; founded by Buddha (565-480 BCE)]. Confucianism: based on teachings of Confucius (551-479 BCE): based on moral conduct Cen) and combination of etiquette and ritual traditions (II). Taoism: based on Tao te Ching (The Book of the Virtuous Way), written by Lao-tzu, 6th cent. BCE. Songyue Pagoda, Henan Province, 520 CE Architecture and Culture of Japan Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 521-533; Nuttgens, ch. 5; Ching, pp. 287-92, 486-93; Moffett, pp. 9-109. Ise, Shinto Shrine, (Naiku), founded in 3rd cent. CE: dedicated to the Sun Goddess; tori, katsuogi, chigi, Wabi-Sabi. Nara, HoryuJi, Buddhist Shrine and Monastery, 7th cent. CE: hosho. Nagano, Matsumoto Castle, 16th cent CE. and Kobe (Hyogo), HimaJi Castle, 16th cent. CE; shogun garrison castles. Residential Archite cture Lashed frame structures: indigenous (vernacular) development. Two types develop from the lashed frame, and eventually merge together: . ) minka: based on lashed frame; rectangle, modular grid, interchangeable use of space; shoji. Teahouses (Sukiya)?influenced by Zen Buddhism Kyoto Province, Talan Teahouse, 16th cent. CE: tea-room with tokonoma, anteroom, entrance for tea master, garden path, exterior portico. Sukiya Style Residential Architecture Kyoto, Katsura Imperial Villa, 1625 CE. SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY, I Greece: Site Planning: The Acropolis and the Agora Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 117-141; Trachtenberg, pp. 91-115; Nuttgens, pp. 86-101 ;sutton, pp. 10-17; Ching, pp. 121-24, 132-34 Moffett, pp. 53-56, 60-62. Important historical information: Dorians and Ionians: two of the tribes that settled in Aegean, beginning in 1100 BCE. Greek culture based on polis (city-state) and anthropomorphic polytheism (the worship of many gods who were divine but had human-like characteristics and form). Athens, Agora, 5th cent. BCE; open marketplace and civic center of the city; surrounded by several different building types arranged casually around the open square: Stoa of Zeus (stoa: long and narrow structure, usually open to one side with a colonnade, used for many civic purposes), New Bouleterion (bouleterion: council ouse), Temple of Hephaestus, Tholos or Skias (tholos: round temple type, here adapted for use as a dining room for the heads of the city council), South Stoa, Stoa of Attalus (added in the 2nd cent. BCE); the Panathenaic Way cuts across the Agora at a diagonal. Panathenaic Way: ceremonial path from Piraeus (the port city of Athens) through Athens up to the Acropolis; used for an annual procession in honor of Athena, the goddess who protected the city. Athens, Acropolis; the hill was inhabited as early as 3000 BCE; in the 13th century BCE the hilltop was occupied by a Mycenean citadel; transformed into an Archaic